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由but that引导的从句

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发表于 2011-10-31 18:18:59 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
      由but that引导的从句
     “but that”是个复合连词,在英语中比较活跃,用法很广,语法结构功能也很强。
      1.引导主语从句。不过,它不同于that的是,but that引导主语从句时,一般不放在句首,而用先行的it结构,从句置于主句之后,but that相当于that…not,that可省略。
      It is impossible but that he should know.(=It is impossible that he should not know.)他不知道是不可能的。
      It was impossible but that he should refuse to carry out the impractical plan.他不可能 不拒绝执行这个不切实际的计划。
      It is impossible but that offences will come.不法行为是不可能不发生的。
      2.引导宾语从句。But that引导宾语从句时,通常放在know(知道),think(认为),believe(相信),say(说),conceive(想象),conclude(断定),see(明白),expect(期望),fear(担心),persuade(说服),等动词的疑问句和否定句中作宾语,相当于that…not,that有时亦可省去。如:
       I could hardly believe but that it was all real.我很难相信它不全是真的。
       I do not say but that A will vary with B in a large degree.我没说工不会在很大程度上随B而变。
      值得注意的是,在doubt(怀疑),deny(否认),wonder(感到奇怪)等有否定意义的动词后的宾主从句中(否定句和疑问句),but that等于that,but实际上是个词,无实义,在现代英语中,只用that,不再用but, but that用在这种句子里是由于英语袭用了法语的语法形式。如:
      I don’t doubt (but) that it was he who leaked the information.我不怀疑是他走漏了消息。
      I do not deny(but) that she is honest. 我不否认她是老实人。
      I should not wonder(but) that she has saved enough to keep her independent if she likes to leave.如果她相离开,她积攒的钱也够她独立生活了,对于这一点,我觉得没有什么奇怪的。
      3.引导同位语从句。在否定词doubt(怀疑),question(疑问)等名词之后,but that可引导同位语从句。这时but 无否定意义,仅起强调作用,常可省略。如:
      There is no doubt(but) that they have done their best.毫无疑问,他们尽了最大的努力。
      There is no question (but) that he will succeed. 他会成功,这是毫无疑问的。
      4.引导表语从句。But that引导表语从句时,通常和it can’t be(不会不;必然)结构连用,but that相当于that…not, that 可省略。如:
      It can’t be but that something will happen.一定要发生点事情。
      It can’t be but that the man is honest.这个人不会不诚实。
      引导结果状语从句。相当于that…not,常用于否定词之后,以强调肯定的意义。如:
      No man is so old but that he may learn.尽管年老,还可学习。(活到老,学到老。)
      There is not such a fool but that he can see that.没有人傻得连那个都看不出来。
      Scarcely a day passed but that he came to see me.他几乎没有一天不来看我。
      He is not so ill but that he can come to school.他还没有病到不能上学的地步。
     6.引导条件状语从句。But that引导条件状语从句时,从句动词多用陈述语气,而主句动词多用虚拟语气,表示假设,相当于if…not,意思是“要,不是,除非”。如:
      but that he saw it, he could not have believed it.要不是他亲眼看见,他是不会相信的。
      But that you helped us, we could not have made rapid progress.你若不帮助我们,我们就不会取得这么快的进步。
      But that he had respectable middle class parents, he would not have been set free.他若没有受人尊敬的中产阶级的父母,就不会被释放。
      7.引导原因状语从句。通常与not that连用,相当于not because…but because,如:
      I have not finished writing the report yet;not that I dislike the work, but that I have not enough time.我还没有写完这个报告,不是因为我不喜欢这个工作,而是因为我没有足够的时间。
      Not that I take no interest in it, but that I am too busy.不是我对它不感兴趣,而是因为我太忙。
      8.引导让步状语从句。通常用于“not but that…”结构中,表示“虽然……可是”,that有时可省略。如:
     He is extremely strong, not but that he catches a cold sometimes.他特别健壮,虽然有时爱感冒。
     I can not come, not but that I’d like to.我虽然相来,但来不了。
     I can’t help her, not but that I pity her.我无法帮助她,虽然我同情她。
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